Since the Dry Andes extend from the latitudes of Atacama Desert to the area of Maule River, precipitation is more sporadic and there are strong temperature oscillations. [32] These forest-types, which includes the Yungas and parts of the Chocó, are very rich in flora and fauna, although few large mammals exist, exceptions being the threatened mountain tapir, spectacled bear and yellow-tailed woolly monkey. Geomorphological and geophysical investigation of a complex rock glacier system—Morenas Coloradas valley (Cordon del Plata, Mendoza, Argentina). The Andes Mountains form a north–south axis of cultural influences. Rainforests and tropical dry forests[27] used to encircle much of the northern Andes but are now greatly diminished, especially in the Chocó and inter-Andean valleys of Colombia. Syrah Chile $27.95 (16795) 89; Score: 89 pts Reviews: 3. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chester-New York-Brisbane-Toronto-Singapore: 55–68. Rundsch. Patagonia, semiarid scrub plateau that covers nearly all of the southern portion of mainland Argentina. The main surviving languages of the Andean peoples are those of the Quechua and Aymara language families. The Altiplano (Spanish for "high plain"), Collao (Quechua and Aymara: Qullaw, meaning "place of the Qulla") or Andean Plateau, in west-central South America, is the area where the Andes are the widest. The Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. Res. It is the most extensive area of high plateau on Earth outside Tibet.The bulk of the Altiplano lies in Bolivia, but its northern parts lie in Peru, and its southern parts lie in Chile and Argentina. Geol Soc Am Bull 113(11):1387–1400 CrossRef Google Scholar [28], The vicuña and guanaco can be found living in the Altiplano, while the closely related domesticated llama and alpaca are widely kept by locals as pack animals and for their meat and wool. (eds. There are multiple highways in Bolivia that cross the Andes. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/place/Andes-Mountains, LiveScience - Andes: World's Longest Mountain Range, Maps of World - Andes Mountain, South America, Andes - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Andes - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Researcher’s Note: Height of Mount Aconcagua. The Andes are the result of tectonic plate processes, caused by the subduction of oceanic crust beneath the South American Plate. The Andes Mountains also contain large quantities of iron ore located in many mountains within the range. It is at between 4,500 and 4,800 m (14,764 and 15,748 ft) in the tropical Ecuadorian, Colombian, Venezuelan, and northern Peruvian Andes, rising to 4,800–5,200 m (15,748–17,060 ft) in the drier mountains of southern Peru south to northern Chile south to about 30°S before descending to 4,500 m (14,760 ft) on Aconcagua at 32°S, 2,000 m (6,600 ft) at 40°S, 500 m (1,640 ft) at 50°S, and only 300 m (980 ft) in Tierra del Fuego at 55°S; from 50°S, several of the larger glaciers descend to sea level.[15]. The 2000 km by 300 km Altiplano–Puna Plateau of the central Andean orogen is the second largest continental plateau on Earth (Fig. In the central Andes (∼15°S to ∼27°S), the Central Andean Plateau (the Altiplano-Puna Plateau) is characterized by a high-elevation (>3 km), low-relief interior plateau, surrounded by the higher, more rugged Western and Eastern Cordilleras, the Sierra Pampeanas, and the Santa Barbara Ranges (Fig. Release: October 31, 2020. Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam, pp. Approximately 170 million years ago this complex geologic matrix began to be uplifted as the eastern edge of the Nazca Plate was forced under the western edge of the South American Plate (i.e., the Nazca Plate was subducted), the result of the latter plate’s westward movement in response to the opening of the Atlantic Ocean to the east. [33] A few species of hummingbirds, notably some hillstars, can be seen at altitudes above 4,000 m (13,100 ft), but far higher diversities can be found at lower altitudes, especially in the humid Andean forests ("cloud forests") growing on slopes in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and far northwestern Argentina. Some historians believe the name Andes comes from the Quechuan word anti (“east”); others suggest it is derived from the Quechuan anta (“copper”). The Sierras de Córdoba, where the effects of the ancient Pampean orogeny can be observed, owe their modern uplift and relief to the Andean orogeny in the Tertiary. that lateral plateau growth results from increasing aridity along the ... and fi lling at the eastern margin of the Puna Plateau of the Argentine Andes to determine if the topography predicted by such models is observed. For decades, Chile claimed ownership of land on the eastern side of the Andes. [6][7] The Bolivian Orocline area overlaps with the area of maximum width of the Altiplano Plateau and according to Isacks (1988) the Orocline is related to crustal shortening. La Paz, Bolivia's seat of government is the highest capital city in the world, at an elevation of approximately 3,650 m (11,975 ft). The Central and Northern Andes and the Amazon River basin and drainage network. [28] The Andean mountain system is the result of global plate-tectonic forces during the Cenozoic Era (roughly the past 65 million years) that built upon earlier geologic activity. The Andes rose to fame for their mineral wealth during the Spanish conquest of South America. Development in Quaternary Science, vol. Cities and large towns are connected with asphalt-paved roads, while smaller towns are often connected by dirt roads, which may require a four-wheel-drive vehicle.[35]. [32], A number of species such as the royal cinclodes and white-browed tit-spinetail are associated with Polylepis, and consequently also threatened.[32]. Lima is a coastal city adjacent to the Andes and is the largest city of all Andean countries. hauts plateaux semi arides des Andes — Solutions pour Mots fléchés et mots croisés. Kuhle, M. (1989): Ice-Marginal Ramps: An Indicator of Semiarid Piedmont Glaciations. Other important crops that originated from the Andes are tobacco and potatoes. They began as sediments eroded from the Amazonia craton (or Brazilian shield)—the ancient granitic continental fragment that constitutes much of Brazil—and deposited between about 450 and 250 million years ago on the craton’s western flank. It is bounded, approximately, by the Patagonian Andes, the Colorado River (except where the region extends north of the river into the Andean borderlands), the … Huancas, Chachapoyas, Cañaris) and a small army of 180 Spaniards led by Francisco Pizarro. Agent: MARCHANDS DES AMERIQUES INC. The collision (or convergence) of two of these plates—the continental South American Plate and the oceanic Nazca Plate—gave rise to the orogenic (mountain-building) activity that produced the Andes. The Chilean Army and Chilean Navy defeated the combined forces of Bolivia and Peru, and Chile took over Bolivia's only province on the Pacific Coast, some land from Peru that was returned to Peru decades later. The Incas formed this civilization through imperialistic militarism as well as careful and meticulous governmental management. The rough terrain has historically put the costs of building highways and railroads that cross the Andes out of reach of most neighboring countries, even with modern civil engineering practices. This subduction-uplift process was accompanied by the intrusion of considerable quantities of magma from the mantle, first in the form of a volcanic arc along the western edge of the South American Plate and later by the injection of hot solutions into surrounding continental rocks; the latter process created numerous dikes and veins containing concentrations of economically valuable minerals that later were to play a critical role in the human occupation of the Andes. [36] Much of the transportation of passengers is done via aircraft. Despite being a type location for calc-alkalic and subduction volcanism, the Andean Volcanic Belt has a large range of volcano-tectonic settings, such as rift systems and extensional zones, transpressional faults, subduction of mid-ocean ridges and seamount chains apart from a large range of crustal thicknesses and magma ascent paths, and different amount of crustal assimilations. At glacial times, however, c. 20,000 years ago, the glaciers were over ten times longer. In the forelands of the Atacama Desert some of the largest porphyry copper mineralizations occurs making Chile and Peru the first and second largest exporters of copper in the world. The Bolivian Orocline is a seaward concave bending in the coast of South America and the Andes Mountains at about 18° S.[5][6] At this point, the orientation of the Andes turns from Northwest in Peru to South in Chile and Argentina. The resultant mountain system exhibits an extraordinary vertical differential of more than 40,000 feet between the bottom of the Peru-Chile (Atacama) Trench off the Pacific coast of the continent and the peaks of the high mountains within a horizontal distance of less than 200 miles. Currently, tobacco, cotton and coffee are the main export crops. (Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam). Nombre de lettres. The northern Andes are typically rainy and warm, with an average temperature of 18 Â°C (64 Â°F) in Colombia. Omissions? The Andes Mountains host large ore and salt deposits and some of their eastern fold and thrust belt acts as traps for commercially exploitable amounts of hydrocarbons. The tectonic processes that created the Andes have continued to the present day. 15 (Quaternary Glaciation – Extent and Chronology, A Closer Look, Eds: Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L. Terracing, however, was only extensively employed after Incan imperial expansions to fuel their expanding realm. The highest mountain outside Asia, Argentina's Mount Aconcagua, rises to an elevation of about 6,961 m (22,838 ft) above sea level. From a geographical approach, the Andes are considered to have their western boundaries marked by the appearance of coastal lowlands and a less rugged topography. The Andes of Chile and Argentina can be divided in two climatic and glaciological zones: the Dry Andes and the Wet Andes. Recherche - Définition. For example, the main crossover of the Andes between Argentina and Chile is still accomplished through the Paso Internacional Los Libertadores. Etude du cycle saisonnier et de l ’ évolution interrannuelle des precipitations dans les Andes (région de l ’ Altiplano) à partir des données satellites CHIRPS. In the south, the Andes share a long boundary with the former Patagonia Terrane. The southern section is rainy and cool, the central section is dry. / Earth and Planetary Science Letters 188 (2001) 299^311 301 prime mechanism that leads to plateau formation des and angle of the subducted Nazca Plate as in the central Andes in Neogene time [26,27]. Coca, despite eradication programmes in some countries, remains an important crop for legal local use in a mildly stimulating herbal tea, and, both controversially and illegally, for the production of cocaine. Maize was also an important crop for these people, and was used for the production of chicha, important to Andean native people. Le Chaco désigne une plaine couverte de bois, au climat subtropical et au sol argileux qui s’étend sur les provinces de Formosa et du Chaco ainsi que sur une partie des provinces de Salta, Santiago del Estero et Santa Fe. Devastated by European diseases to which they had no immunity and civil wars, the Incas were defeated in 1532 by an alliance composed of tens of thousands of allies from nations they had subjugated (e.g. Potosí in present-day Bolivia and Cerro de Pasco in Peru was one of the principal mines of the Spanish Empire in the New World. In: Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie Teil 1 11/12, Verhandlungsblatt des Südamerika-Symposiums 1984 in Bamberg: 1635–1646. Andes Mountains, also called the Andes, Spanish Cordillera de los Andes or Los Andes, mountain system of South America and one of the great natural features of the Earth. A long series of cultural development culminated in the expansion of the Inca civilization and Inca Empire in the central Andes during the 15th century. The Andean region cuts across several natural and floristic regions due to its extension from Caribbean Venezuela to cold, windy and wet Cape Horn passing through the hyperarid Atacama Desert. Définition ou synonyme. The line of equilibrium may shift drastically over short periods of time, leaving a whole glacier in the ablation area or in the accumulation area. c'est ce que nous voyons aujourd'hui depuis le mont Whistler - un vestige du plateau original qui a précédé les montagnes. The Andean volcanism is a result of subduction of the Nazca Plate and Antarctic Plate underneath the South American Plate. Haut plateau des Andes en 4 lettres. (Eds. Early Mesozoic and Neogene plutonism in Bolivia's Cordillera Central created the Bolivian tin belt as well as the famous, now depleted, deposits of Cerro Rico de Potosí. 1 : 7500000 USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). Abstract. A brief introduction to the Andes Mountains and the Andean condor. The formation of the modern Andes began with the events of the Triassic when Pangaea began the break up that resulted in developing several rifts. The history of the Puna Plateau and its marginal basins and ranges in the Eastern Cordillera and the northern Sierras Pampeanas structural provinces in northwestern Argentina impressively documents the effects of tectonics and topography on atmospheric circulation patterns, the successive evolution of orographic barriers, as well as their influence on erosion and sedimentation processes. Cheval des Andes 2016, Mendoza Red Cheval Blanc & Terrazas de Los Andes $ 83.70. ex. Critic Reviews (3) John Szabo, MS. In the extreme south, a major transform fault separates Tierra del Fuego from the small Scotia Plate. ), 735–738. The World Atlas. One of the few Inca sites the Spanish never found in their conquest was Machu Picchu, which lay hidden on a peak on the eastern edge of the Andes where they descend to the Amazon. The Bolivian Altiplano, in the Central Andes of South America, is part of the second largest high plateau on Earth. It is the result of a convergent plate boundary between the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Located on a high-altitude plateau at the edge of the Andes Mountains, the province is responsible for roughly 70 percent of the country's annual wine production. Kuhle, M. (1984): Spuren hocheiszeitlicher Gletscherbedeckung in der Aconcagua-Gruppe (32–33° S). [17][18] The massifs of Cerro Aconcagua (6,961 m (22,838 ft)), Cerro Tupungato (6,550 m (21,490 ft)) and Nevado Juncal (6,110 m (20,046 ft)) are tens of kilometres away from each other and were connected by a joint ice stream network. Uyuni is a spectacularly giant salar and with a surface of >10,500 km 2 it is the largest salt pan of the Andes and on Earth (Risacher and Fritz, 1991; Kesler et al., 2012).This salt pan is located in the Altiplano at 3663 m a.s.l. The Andes are a Mesozoic–Tertiary orogenic belt of mountains along the Pacific Ring of Fire, a zone of volcanic activity that encompasses the Pacific rim of the Americas as well as the Asia-Pacific region. Some of these were built during a period of war between Bolivia and Paraguay, in order to transport Bolivian troops and their supplies to the war front in the lowlands of southeastern Bolivia and western Paraguay. Woodbine Parish and Joseph Barclay Pentland surveyed a large part of the Bolivian Andes from 1826 to 1827. Rechercher Il y a 1 les résultats correspondant à votre recherche Cliquez sur un mot pour découvrir sa définition. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? The development continued through the Jurassic Period. c'est ce que nous voyons aujourd'hui depuis le mont Whistler - un vestige du plateau original qui a précédé les montagnes. Andes Mountains, South American mountain system that contains the highest peaks in the Western Hemisphere. In which country are the Southern Alps located? La prairie Puna est un haut plateau qui se trouve dans la Cordillère des Andes. Coffre renforcé en argent ouvert: Objet fourni : Purian mûr: Description Les purians sont super bons, mais il vaut mieux les donner. On the east side of this section of the Mendozina Andes, they flowed down to 2,060 m (6,759 ft) and on the west side to about 1,220 m (4,003 ft) above sea level. Other cities in or near the Andes include Bariloche, Catamarca, Jujuy, Mendoza, Salta, San Juan, and Tucumán in Argentina; Calama and Rancagua in Chile; Cochabamba, Oruro, Potosí, Sucre, Sacaba, Tarija, and Yacuiba in Bolivia; Arequipa, Cajamarca, Cusco, Huancayo, Huánuco, Huaraz, Juliaca, and Puno in Peru; Ambato, Cuenca, Ibarra, Loja, Quito, Riobamba and Tulcán in Ecuador; Armenia, Cúcuta, Bucaramanga, Duitama, Ibagué, Ipiales, Manizales, Palmira, Pasto, Pereira, Popayán, Sogamoso, Tunja, and Villavicencio in Colombia; and Barquisimeto, La Grita, Mérida, San Cristóbal, Tovar, Trujillo, and Valera in Venezuela. The Andes' dendritic glacier arms, i.e. While some differences can be explained by which volcanic zone a volcano belongs to, there are significant differences inside volcanic zones and even between neighbouring volcanoes. The belt is subdivided into four main volcanic zones that are separated from each other by volcanic gaps. The climate is known to change drastically in rather short distances. These trees, by locals referred to as Queñua, Yagual and other names, can be found at altitudes of 4,500 m (14,760 ft) above sea level. From south to north these are the Southern Andes, consisting of the Chilean, Fuegian, and Patagonian cordilleras; the Central Andes, including the Peruvian cordilleras; and the Northern Andes, encompassing the Ecuadorian, Colombian, and Venezuelan (or Caribbean) cordilleras. This article is about the mountain range in South America. The climatic glacier snowline (ELA) was lowered from 4,600 m (15,092 ft) to 3,200 m (10,499 ft) at glacial times.[17][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. The crepuscular (active during dawn and dusk) chinchillas, two threatened members of the rodent order, inhabit the Andes' alpine regions. Andes Plateau Cota 500 Syrah 2018, Do Cachapoal Valley. It remains unclear if the patchy distribution of these forests and woodlands is natural, or the result of clearing which began during the Incan period. Distinct eastern and western ranges—respectively named the Cordillera Oriental and the Cordillera Occidental—are characteristic of most of the system. Temperature, atmospheric pressure and humidity decrease in higher elevations. Professor Emeritus of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Madison. They separate a narrow western coastal area from the rest of the continent, affecting deeply the conditions of life within the ranges themselves and in surrounding areas. la surface plane du plateau original finit par disparaître et seules les montagnes subsistent. The Andes range has many active volcanoes distributed in four volcanic zones separated by areas of inactivity. In the rainy season (summer), part of the rangeland is used for cropping (mainly potatoes, barley, broad beans and wheat). In: GeoJournal 21 (3); Kluwer, Dordrecht/ Boston/ London: 195–222. The etymology of the word Andes has been debated. 1a).The plateau has an average surface elevation of approximately 4000 m above sea level and formed in a non-collisional plate tectonic setting as a consequence of lithospheric shortening due to convergence of the oceanic Nazca Plate and the … Andes Plateau, 700, Chile, 2012. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Stuart, Hoffmann, Chanson, Cox, Berridge, Ramani and Young, editors (2008). In: GeoJournal 14 (4); Kluwer, Dordrecht/ Boston/ London: 393–421. One of the Earth’s great natural features, the Andes form an unbroken rampart over some 5,500 miles—from the southern tip of South America to the continent’s northernmost coast on … The Andes can be divided into three sections: The Leeward Antilles islands Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao, which lie in the Caribbean Sea off the coast of Venezuela, were formerly thought to represent the submerged peaks of the extreme northern edge of the Andes range, but ongoing geological studies indicate that such a simplification does not do justice to the complex tectonic boundary between the South American and Caribbean plates. In: Rachocki, A.H., Church, M. la surface plane du plateau original finit par disparaître et seules les montagnes subsistent. It was sundown and the local vendors were no longer there. The largest glaciers, as e.g. Along their length, the Andes are split into several ranges, separated by intermediate depressions. Only recently the ends of some highways that came rather close to one another from the east and the west have been connected. To the west, the Andes end at the Pacific Ocean, although the Peru-Chile trench can be considered their ultimate western limit. Horizontal crustal shortening is regarded as the U. Riller et al. The western rim of the South American Plate has been the place of several pre-Andean orogenies since at least the late Proterozoic and early Paleozoic, when several terranes and microcontinents collided and amalgamated with the ancient cratons of eastern South America, by then the South American part of Gondwana. [4], Aluk Plate (formerly) • Antarctic Plate • Carnegie Ridge • Chile Rise • Farallon Plate (formerly) • Juan Fernández Ridge • Nazca Plate • Nazca Ridge, Dolores-Guayaquil • Cordillera Blanca • Cochabamba • Domeyko • El Tigre • San Ramón • Liquiñe-Ofqui • Magallanes-Fagnano, Northern Zone • Peruvian flat-slab • Central Zone • Pampean flat-slab • Southern Zone • Patagonian Gap • Austral Zone, Arequipa-Antofalla • Mejillonia • Chilenia • Chaitenia • Chiloé Block • Cuyania • Pampia • Patagonia • Fitz Roy • Madre de Dios. About 250 million years ago the crustal plates constituting the Earth’s landmass were joined together into the supercontinent Pangaea. Sujet et définition de mots fléchés et mots croisés ⇒ HAUT PLATEAU DES ANDES sur motscroisés.fr toutes les solutions pour l'énigme HAUT PLATEAU DES ANDES avec 4 … This dry steppe climate is considered to be typical of the subtropical position at 32–34° S. The valley bottoms have no woods, just dwarf scrub. Recherche - Solution. components of valley glaciers, were up to 112.5 km (69.9 mi) long, over 1,250 m (4,101 ft) thick and overspanned a vertical distance of 5,150 m (16,896 ft). Kuhle, M. (1986): Die Vergletscherung Tibets und die Entstehung von Eiszeiten. The Andes are a Mesozoic–Tertiary orogenic belt of mountains along the Pacific Ring of Fire, a zone of volcanic activity that encompasses the Pacific rim of the Americas as well as the Asia-Pacific region. 2 Reviews. Lettres connues et inconnues Entrez les lettres connues dans l'ordre et remplacez les lettres inconnues par un espace, un point, une virgule ou une étoile. Located on a high-altitude plateau at the edge of the Andes Mountains, the province is responsible for roughly 70 percent of the country's annual wine production. The Southern and Central Andes and Patagonia. The main cause of the rise of the Andes is the compression of the western rim of the South American Plate due to the subduction of the Nazca Plate and the Antarctic Plate. Mirador de los Andes (Andes Lookout) was without trees, the air was thin and it was very quiet. Placez un Purian mûr sur le Plateau d’offrande de la Statue de régisseur. [28] The small tree Cinchona pubescens, a source of quinine which is used to treat malaria, is found widely in the Andes as far south as Bolivia. Plateau des landes 05 Les étangs Blendecques.jpg 4,288 × 2,848; 5.97 MB Périmètre RNR Plateau des landes rnr210.png 1,874 × 883; 1.05 MB Salamandre Heuringhem Mars 1991.jpg 827 × 518; 455 KB What is the highest mountain range in South America? In: Chinese Translation Bulletin of Glaciology and Geocryology 5 (4): 1–17 (in Chinese language). [29], The Andes are rich in fauna: With almost 1,000 species, of which roughly 2/3 are endemic to the region, the Andes are the most important region in the world for amphibians. Irrigation is helpful in advancing the sowing data of the summer crops which guarantees an early yield in the period of food shortage. The Andes are the location of several high plateaus—some of which host major cities such as Quito, Bogotá, Cali, Arequipa, Medellín, Bucaramanga, Sucre, Mérida and La Paz. The highest peak is Aconcagua of Argentina (see below). Part III: South America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica. Because of the tortuous terrain in places, villages and towns in the mountains—to which travel via motorized vehicles is of little use—are still located in the high Andes of Chile, Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador. Kuhle, M. (2011): The High-Glacial (Last Glacial Maximum) Glacier Cover of the Aconcagua Group and Adjacent Massifs in the Mendoza Andes (South America) with a Closer Look at Further Empirical Evidence. The ancient peoples of the Andes such as the Incas have practiced irrigation techniques for over 6,000 years. Kuhle, M. (1987): Subtropical Mountain- and Highland-Glaciation as Ice Age Triggers and the Waning of the Glacial Periods in the Pleistocene. In: GeoJournal 18; Kluwer, Dordrecht/ Boston/ London: 223–238. The peak of Chimborazo in the Ecuadorian Andes is farther from the Earth's center than any other location on the Earth's surface, due to the equatorial bulge resulting from the Earth's rotation. There is a long history of mining in the Andes, from the Spanish silver mines in Potosí in the 16th century to the vast current porphyry copper deposits of Chuquicamata and Escondida in Chile and Toquepala in Peru. The term cordillera comes from the Spanish word cordel, meaning "rope",[2] and is used as a descriptive name for several contiguous sections of the Andes, as well as the entire Andean range, and the combined mountain chain along the western part of the North and South American continents. The high-altitude Polylepis forests and woodlands are found in the Andean areas of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Chile. It is an elongate region of subdued relief, ∼1.2 × 10 5 km 2 and ∼4 km above sea level, bounded by the Eastern Cordillera and volcanic arc (Western Cordillera). The Altiplano plateau is the world's second-highest plateau following the Tibetan plateau. The weight of these deposits forced a subsidence (downwarping) of the crust, and the resulting pressure and heat metamorphosed the deposits into more resistant rocks; thus, sandstone, siltstone, and limestone were transformed, respectively, into quartzite, shale, and marble.